Preface

The Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting (MG6) took place at the Kyoto International Conference Hall, Kyoto, Japan, June 23~29, 1991, with the sponsorship of the Science Council of Japan, the Physical Society of Japan as the domestic organizing bodies and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, IUPAP, as the international organizing body. Although the preparation of MG6 generally followed the international tradition of the Marcel Grossmann Meeting, it also followed various domestic formalities because the Science Council of Japan is a part of the government body.

The opening ceremony started at 9.00 am on Monday. After the announcement of opening by H. Sato, the Chairman of MG6, Fang Li Zhi gave a speech representing the IUPAP. As a scholar involved in the 1989 Tienanmen crackdown, he mentioned an important contribution of MG3 in promoting the free circulation of scientists. Then, following the welcome addresses by J. Kondo, President of the Science Council of Japan, and T. Ishii, President of the Physical Society of Japan, representing the domestic sponsors, a welcome message by the Japanese Prime Minister T. Kaifu was read.

Presentation of the Marcel Grossman Awards is now customary. This time, the recipients were Minoru Oda and Stephen Hawking for the Individual Awards and the Research Institute of Theoretical Physics (Hiroshima) for Institutional Award. They received a replica of the TEST sculpture, the symbol of the Grossmann Meeting, from Italian Senator L. Saporito.

The scientific program continued until Saturday afternoon. There was an excursion on Wednesday afternoon. The number of registered participants was 535 from 34 countries, including 44 accompanying persons. There were 425 papers presented, including 45 invited talks. Among the 385 contributed papers, 95 of them were presented orally and the rest were presented by posters. Most of the papers presented are compiled in these Proceedings. Presentations by posters and discussions at poster sessions were introduced for first time in the series of Marcel Grossmann Meeting.

We chose a photograph of Einstein taken in Kyoto during his visit in 1922 for the MG6 poster. Enthusiasm toward Einstein and Cosmology from the general public of Japan has been strong in the last few years. One of the reason was that NHK, Japanese public broadcasting corporation, had broadcast a series of programs on the universe and Einstein. Under the auspices of MG6, the public lectures of S. Hawking and D. Gross were organized in Tokyo and Kyoto by the NTTdata Corporation. During the meeting, some artwork of Attilio Pierelli, including the original TEST, were exhibited in the National Gallery of Modern Art, Kyoto.

This conference was made possible with the cooperation of many people and financial support from many foundations and corporations. We thank them for their hard work and support, without which a prestigious sponsorship by the Science Council of Japan would not be given and the fund raising from corporations would have been impossible.

On February 5th of 1992, Satio Hayakawa suddenly passed away at the age of sixty-eight. He is one of the recipients of the Grossmann Meeting Awards. As the Chairman of C19 (astrophysics) of IUPAP, he promoted the plan to have MG6 in Kyoto. His strong support had contributed to a smooth preparation of MG6 which was not only in terms of gaining a reputation in the scientific community of Japan, but also fund raising. In spite of his heavy burden as the president of Nagoya University, he even attended part of the conference.

Satio Hayakawa's contribution was not limited to his pioneering researches in cosmic rays, high energy astronomy and infrared astronomy among others. He had actively played an important role in creating new fields of research in Japan, such as space science, nuclear fusion, high energy physics and so on. For the last couple of years, he strongly advocated a project of gravitational waves detection by laser interferometer, which is one of the major subjects of the Grossmann Meeting. With his effort, this project has succeeded in getting a grant (1991-1994) from the Grantin-Aid on Priority Area of Ministry of Education and Science in Japan. Regrettably, the detection of gravitational waves had remained his last dream.

Opening Address of

Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity

 

June 24,1991

Kyoto, Japan

 

 

Humitaka Sato

Chairman

Conference Organizing Committee of Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting

 

Good Morning, Ladies and Gentlemen,

On behalf of the Conference Organizing Committee, I express my heartful welcome to all of you, particularly to those who came all the way from abroad.

It has passed three years since the previous Marcel Grossmann Meeting held in Perth, Australia. The last three years were really special ages of great changes all over the world, in China, East Europe, Soviet Union, and also at Persian Gulf.

Personally, I am very much moved by seeing Professor Fang Li Zhi here.

Due to this difficult time, the participants from these area were not so many. I really hope these difficulties would turn into a pain of new creation.

To our great regret, Professor R. Utiyama and Professor H. Nariai passed away in a year. They were pioneers of the theory of general relativity in Japan, just as Professor H. Hirakawa, the pioneer of experimental general relativity, who died in 1986.

Our conference is concerned with Einstein. Japanese are very fond of Einstein. If you go to a bookstore in the city, you will find a special corner for Einstein as well as Hawking's corner. Einstein visited Japan in 1922 for three months. His photograph on our conference poster is one of the pictures taken in that occasion at Kiyomizu-temple in Kyoto.

Seventy years have passed since then but general relativity has still remained as a vivid problem of physics and has attracted ever fresh interest of researchers.

I hope we could deepen our understanding further on the general relativity in this conference.

It is my honor to declare the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting open.

Thank you.

 

 

Opening Speech on the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting

 

June 23-29,1991

Kyoto, Japan

 

 

Fang Li Zhi

Chairman

C19 Commission on Astrophysics

IUPAP

 

On behalf of the Chairman of the astrophysics Commission, the Commission 19 of JUPAP, I would like to congratulate the open of the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting. This is the first time that the IUPAP formally play as the main international sponsor of the Marcel Grossmann Meeting.

The choice of the Sixth Marcel Grossman meeting to be a conference sponsored by the Commission 19 of IUPAP was made three years ago during the Fifth Marcel Grossmann Meeting held in Perth. This choice was upon the understanding that the Marcel Grossmann meeting is qualifiedly consistent with the principle and the goal of Commission 19, i.e., it is to promote the activities of interested physicists who are working in various area with the object of synthesizing their contributions into a better understanding of astrophysical phenomena and the nature of the universe.

Indeed, the Marcel Grossmann Meeting has gained rapidly their own reputation. From the first Marcel Grossmann Meeting held in Trieste, and its afterwards meetings in Shanghai, Rome and Perth, it has already shown that the Marcel Grossmann meeting is one of the most important activities among the international community of gravitation and relativistic astrophysics. As mentioned in their purpose, Marcel Grossmann meetings have contributed to elicit deeply understanding of spacetime structure as well as to stimulate experimental and observational tests on physical predications of various theories related to gravitation.

I should also mention that the Marcel Grossmann Meetings have elicited important contribution in promoting the free circulation of scientists, one of the basic principles of our community. An evidence is that, during the Third Marcel Grossmann Meeting held in Shanghai 1982, the organizers had insisted to require Chinese authorities to follow the principle of free circulation, especially to equally open to all scientists without any political restraints. In fact, the Third Marcel Grossmann Meeting is the first scientific meeting in China, for which Chinese authorities have no choice but to allow our colleagues from Israel to attend. In this way, the Marcel Grossmann Meetings has helped people to break down ideological barriers put up by political discrimination.

I believe that the Marcel Grossmann Meetings will continually help our community to pursue the developments in both of our professional fields and the freedom of scientific exchange.

I believe, the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meetings will also be achieved, satisfied and unforgettable. I would like to extend my thanks to the Science Council of Japan, the Physical Society of Japan and all other auspices for assisting the organization of this meeting. I should also thank the members of the International Advisory Committee, the members of the International Coordinating Committee, the members of the Conference Organization Committee for their outstanding professional work in making this meetings, and particularly to Professor Humitaka Sato without whose enthusiasm and unremitting efforts it would never have occurred.

Finally, please allow me to take the opportunity to send all participants my greetings and heartfelt good wishes.

Thank you all.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Welcome Address at the Opening of

Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity

 

June 24,1991

Kyoto, Japan

 

 

Jiro Kondo

President

Science Council of Japan

 

 

 

Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great pleasure to have this opportunity, on behalf of the Science Council of Japan, to speak to those of you who have gathered here from more than 40 countries, at the opening of the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity.

The Science Council of Japan was established in 1949 as an organization of the government, representing qualified Japanese scientists both internally and internationally, covering all fields of Cultural, Social and Natural Sciences. The aim of the Council is to promote scientific development and to improve administration, industries and civil life through science.

Since the foundation of our Council, we have been working to contribute to the progress of science in cooperation with academic organizations of the world by sponsoring many international congresses here in Japan, and by sending Japanese delegates to international congresses held overseas. We do this because we believe that the promotion of international scientific exchange is one of our important duties.

The Science Council of Japan has opened today the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity in cooperation with the Physical Society of Japan. It is a great pleasure to meet with distinguished scientists from around the world, and have a chance to attend your lectures and see your presentations.

The Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity was firstly held at the International Center for Theoretical Physics at Trieste in 1975, and the second Meeting was also held there in 1979, celebrating the Einstein's hundredth birthday. Since then, the meeting has been held every three years in Shanghai, Rome and Perth. It is impressive for me to notice that half of the meeting places, including Kyoto, is located in the so-called Asia-Pacific area. I offer my heartfelt congratulations on the remarkable growth of this congress in terms of quality and the number of participants.

In Japan, the name of General Relativity as well as Einstein has been very popular and has attracted great interest among people of various fields since early days of its creation. In 1922, Einstein visited Japan and stayed here for as long as sixty days. We have learned that he was welcomed enthusiastically in many Japanese cities. Dr. Hideki Yukawa and Dr. Shinichiro Tomonaga, who became theoretical physicists later, were both students of junior high school at that time. They have written later that they were influenced to study physics through the fame of Einstein. I would like to mention here also that Dr. Tomonaga served the President of the Science Council of Japan later and contributed in establishing the basis of researches in Japan.

The study of general relativity in Japan has become very active since nineteen sixties, coupled with the study of astrophysics. I have learned that many researches done by Japanese young physicists have been highly evaluated internationally. B~ sides, the experimental project for gravitational wave detection has been selected recently as one of the Grant-in-Aid on Priority Area in Japan. Thus the synthetic research of theory and experiment in this field is expected to progress much more. Furthermore, recently, the general relativity has attracted much interest in connection with not only cosmology and astrophysics but also with the particle physics toward the unified theory.

We are very pleased to have with us so many qualified scientists from around the world to discuss the general relativity and its related fields at this Congress, which the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and the Physical Society of Japan have so carefully prepared over the last three years.

I earnestly hope that all of you, through participation in this congress, will gain worthwhile experience and stimulation in your research.

In closing, I sincerely hope for the great success of the congress. I also hope that each of you from abroad will enjoy your stay in Japan. I believe that this congress becomes truly memorable for you through personal contacts with fellow scientists, and that you enjoy a stay in Kyoto which was a capital of ancient Japan and preserves many traditional scenery and you will learn more about Japanese modern society and culture as a whole.

Thank you very much.

 

 

 

 

 

Welcome Address at the Opening of

Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity

 

 

Takehiko Ishii

President

Physical Society of Japan

 

 

 

It is my great pleasure to say congratulation to the opening of the Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity. On behalf of all members of the Physical Society of Japan, I welcome all the participants from abroad as well as those from Japan.

I am a solid state physicist and not familiar with issues in this meeting. However, believing that scientists must have common understanding about the essence of science, I like to say a few words.

In a typical procedure of scientific research, we explain natural phenomena we observe in terms of fundamental laws or we derive them by analyzing the results of observations, and, eventually, we apply the results of the investigations for producing some devices useful for our life. You find a good example in recent investigations on oxide superconductors with high critical temperatures. On the other hand, we know that scientific research does not always proceed in this way. Sometimes, the purpose of science is the science itself. I think it is the inborn nature of man that he always inquires what he does not know. It is this intellectual curiosity that makes man really human being. I understand that the theory of general relativity, astrophysics and cosmology which will be discussed in this meeting, are science of this kind.

In the cosmic space, we find phenomena, which appear quite natural at first glance, but appear quite puzzling or even mysterious once we start clarifying the mechanisms which cause them. For instance, the question why it is dark at night must be very difficult to answer for the people in the old days. The topics to be discussed here in the coming several days will certainly hit me with a fresh surprise, if they are explained for me in a way that I can understand them. I know we need plenty of money for experimental investigations or the observations of the phenomena to be discussed in this meeting. Probably, they are a sort of expensive research work. Fortunately, they belong to a few exceptional fields in science, where the budgets are approved without a bureaucratic question: What are they useful for? I believe that this is because people find a dream of science in such a research as to complete the theory of general relativity.

Several years ago, I was invited with my family to a dinner in Beijing with our American friends. There, we met a gentleman who is an astrophysicist. We learned from him about a supernova emitting synchrotron radiation. This was the occasion when I knew something about real astrophysics for the first time in my life. At that time, we had a workshop on synchrotron radiation, which we have now on the earth from electron accelerators and use for materials science as well as for industrial applications. Later, my daughter saw that gentleman on our TV and shouted: "Look, it's Mr. Fang." Today, I met Professor Fang on this stage in a quite unexpected way and am very pleased and a bit excited at this lucky meeting-again.

 

In concluding my talk, on behalf of all members of the Physical Society of Japan, I wish that this meeting will be successful.

Welcome Address by Telegram

 

 

June 24,1991

 

 

Toshiki Kaifu

Prime Minister

JAPAN

 

 

 

Pleased to extend a hearty welcome to all delegates of the world at the opening of Sixth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity held in Japan under the cosponsorship of the Science Council of Japan and Physical Society of Japan.

 

            I wish a great success in this International Congress.